An American Family vs. Keeping Up with the Kardashians

An American Family vs. Keeping Up with the Kardashians Although these two shows depict different time periods, they can arguably be a model for American culture or possibly a gauge in the temperature of what American culture looks like. In American Family there is a scene where one of the young men is talking about California and how he feels about it. Just the use of his language or the words in which he chooses gives the audience an idea of the language that was used during that time period.Another example of this is when the family visits the art gallery. In the television show Keeping Up With the Kardashians although they are rich, they also give a gauge of American culture through the way in which they talk as well as the activities in which they go about on a daily basis. These two shows are very different but are somewhat based upon the same premise of being a reality show. An American Family was a 12 episode series that chronicled the lives of the Loud family of Santa Barbra, California (Ruoff, 1998).While Keeping Up with the Kardashians has run for 6 seasons so far since it began in 2007. This show is presented to viewers as reality TV but as mentioned in a prior class it is more or less a sitcom and not capturing the family in a documentary style the way in which An American Family is. An American Family challenged traditional forms of documentaries and violated viewers expectations of what a documentary was supposed to be about (Ruoff, 1998). The way in which this show is shot and edited also gives is more of a narrative feel than a documentary style.I would argue that the way the it is broken into different episodes especially the time period of the 1970’s would make it seem more of a narrative as during that time there weren’t many shows to compare its different, documentary style to. The show is centered on the upcoming divorce of the mother and father and this seems to drive the story line as well. Although again it is not a sitcom, the narrative of the story seems a bit tampered with, as it is known that the parents will be divorcing very soon.Capturing the moments that lead up to the divorce can be considered to surround a narrative structure. Keeping Up with the Kardashians being based about the life of the Kardashian family with ongoing events that take place is nothing like An American Family. Although many Americans in 1973 may have been able to identify with the characters in An American Family it did not have a crazed pop culture appeal the way in which Keeping Up with the Kardashians does. This show has become somewhat of a brand but its realness or reality is questionable.Most of the happenings of the family are devised plans to collect audiences and maintain the following that they have. They typical sitcom structure of the show also gives away the reality part of the show. There is no truth or cinema verite in this show it’s all just basically pre-planned by the producers. Their extravagant lifestyles and events don’t even compare to the simplistic structure of the Loud family about to split because of the divorce. These shows are very different but on the surface seem alike because essentially the viewer is following the lives of a family.

Positive effects of media

The media influences people in different ways, some positive and some negative. It is Important to realize although media can have a positive effect on society too much exposure to television, computers, or magazines can lead to unhealthy effects. The media gives people a way to connect with one another through news updates or even social networking. Most everyone wakes up in the morning grabs the newspaper, computer, or flips on the television to educate themselves on the worldly happenings of that day.According to Manali Oak author of â€Å"Positive Effects of the Media†, Research has revealed that media Is responsible for influencing a major part of our daily life. Media contribute to a transformation in the cultural and social values of the masses. Medla can bring about a change in the attitudes and beliefs of the common man. The persuasive nature of the content presented over media influences the thoughts and behavior of the general public. Medla has a direct impact over the lifestyle of society. The media gives society a way to come together and educate us as a whole. With this education we are able to make crucial decisions toward elections, polls, or any other vent that affects everyone In our country. -Friends and Relations: Social networks started as a place to connect with your friends In an easy and convenient way. Truly speaking, many of you might have found your old pals from school or college who were out of touch due to one reason or other, well I would say I have and I thank social networks for this.Social networks has provided us the opportunity to connect with people and bulld better relationships with friends with whom we are unable to meet personally, and let them know about our life and take Input about their lives and events happening with them. Reducing communication Barriers: With social networks we are able to communicate our thoughts and perceptions over different topics with a large number of audiences, and raise our voice. Th e sharing feature available on the social networks makes your opinion about any topic reach huge number of people (even to those who are not on your friends list).We have the option to make groups with people who are Ilke minded and share the related news 1 OF2 wltn tnem ana ask Tor tnelr oplnlon or Input aoout tne toplc. Slmply tnere are a number of options available for us to communicate with others on these social etworks. -Opportunities for Businesses: Social networks have become a crucial part of many of us. We don't even notice this but as soon as we open our desktops or laptops to access the web, we sub- consciously open our favorite social network Just to see about the updates received.Businesses have noticed the value of social networks in our life, and they are using different techniques to promote their products. There are a number of customized applications being made on the social platforms, whose main purpose is to promote the product or brand. As social marketing is c ost effective and brands have a huge udience, they are shifting more towards social marketing. Without the media, most people would know little of events beyond their immediate neighborhood. The further one goes outside of one's circle of friends and family, the more time-consuming and expensive it becomes to get information.Very few, if any, individuals have the resources to stay independently informed of world events. With the news, however, all one has to do is turn on a television or turn to the Internet. Even when it is biased or limited, it is a picture of what is happening around the world. The more sources one compares, the more accurate the picture that can be ut together. In addition to the media conglomerates, there are also a range of independent news outlets, though they have a much smaller audience.Some of these provide an alternative view of events and often strive to publish stories that cannot be found in the mainstream media. Technological advances in many industri alized (primarily Western) countries make it possible to read papers and watch broadcasts from around the globe. While language skills can be a barrier, it is possible to live in the United States and watch Arab-language broadcasts from the Middle East, or to get on the Internet and read scores of Chinese newspapers. Having access to these alternative voices limits the power of monopolies over information.Another important benefit of a functioning mass news media is that information can be relayed quickly in times of crisis. Tornado and hurricane announcement can give large populations advance warning and allow them to take precautions and move out of harm's way. In a country suffering war, a radio broadcast outlining where the latest fighting is can alert people to areas to avoid. In quieter times, the media can publish other useful announcements, from traffic reports to how to avoid getting HIV. It is a stabilizing and civilizing force. Positive Effects of Media The media influences people in different ways, some positive and some negative. It is important to realize although media can have a positive effect on society too much exposure to television, computers, or magazines can lead to unhealthy effects. The media gives people a way to connect with one another through news updates or even social networking. Most everyone wakes up in the morning grabs the newspaper, computer, or flips on the television to educate themselves on the worldly happenings of that day. According to Manali Oak author of â€Å"Positive Effects of the Media†,â€Å"Research has revealed that media is responsible for influencing a major part of our daily life. Media contribute to a transformation in the cultural and social values of the masses. Media can bring about a change in the attitudes and beliefs of the common man. The persuasive nature of the content presented over media influences the thoughts and behavior of the general public. Media has a direct impac t over the lifestyle of society.†The media gives society a way to come together and educate us as a whole. With this education we are able to make crucial decisions toward elections, polls, or any other event that affects everyone in our country.Friends and RelationsSocial networks started as a place to connect with your friends in an easy and convenient way. Truly speaking, many of you might have found your old pals from school or college who were out of touch due to one reason or other, well I would say I have and I thank social networks for this. Social networks has provided us the opportunity to connect with people and build better relationships with friends with whom we are unable to meet personally, and let them know about our life and take input about their lives and events happening with them.Reducing Communication BarriersWith social networks we are able to communicate our thoughts and perceptions  over different topics with a large number of audiences, and raise ou r voice. The sharing feature available on the social networks makes your opinion about any topic reach huge number of people (even to those who are not on your friends list). We have the option to make groups with people who are like minded and share the related news with them and ask for their opinion or input about the topic. Simply there are a number of options available for us to communicate with others on these social networks.Opportunities for BusinessesSocial networks have become a crucial part of many of us. We don’t even notice this but as soon as we open our desktops or laptops to access the web, we sub-consciously open our favorite social network just to see about the updates received. Businesses have noticed the value of social networks in our life, and they are using different techniques to promote their products. There are a number of customized applications being made on the social platforms, whose main purpose is to promote the product or brand. As social mark eting is cost effective and brands have a huge audience, they are shifting more towards social marketing.Without the media, most people would know little of events beyond their immediate neighborhood. The further one goes outside of one's circle of friends and family, the more time-consuming and expensive it becomes to get information. Very few, if any, individuals have the resources to stay independently informed of world events. With the news, however, all one has to do is turn on a television or turn to the Internet. Even when it is biased or limited, it is a picture of what is happening around the world. The more sources one compares, the more accurate the picture that can be put together.In addition to the media conglomerates, there are also a range of independent news outlets, though they have a much smaller audience. Some of these provide an alternative view of events and often strive to publish stories that cannot be found in the mainstream media. Technological advances in m any industrialized (primarily Western) countries make it possible to read papers and watch broadcasts from around the globe. While language skills can be a barrier, it is possible to live in the United States and  watch Arab-language broadcasts from the Middle East, or to get on the Internet and read scores of Chinese newspapers. Having access to these alternative voices limits the power of monopolies over information.Another important benefit of a functioning mass news media is that information can be relayed quickly in times of crisis. Tornado and hurricane announcement can give large populations advance warning and allow them to take precautions and move out of harm's way. In a country suffering war, a radio broadcast outlining where the latest fighting is can alert people to areas to avoid. In quieter times, the media can publish other useful announcements, from traffic reports to how to avoid getting HIV. It is a stabilizing and civilizing force.

Automobile Industry, India Automobile Industry Essay Example for Free

Automobile Industry, India Automobile Industry Essay Automobile industry (27) , Suzuki (5) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Following India’s growing openness, the arrival of new and existing models, easy availability of finance at relatively low rate of interest and price discounts offered by the dealers and manufacturers all have stirred the demand for vehicles and a strong growth of the Indian automobile industry. The data obtained from ministry of commerce and industry, shows high growth obtained since 2001- 02 in automobile production continuing in the first three quarters of the 2004-05. Annual growth was 16. 0 per cent in April-December, 2004; the growth rate in 2003-04 was 15. 1 per cent The automobile industry grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22 per cent between 1992 and 1997. With investment exceeding Rs. 50,000 crore, the turnover of the automobile industry exceeded Rs. 59,518 crore in 2002-03. Including turnover of the auto-component sector, the automotive industry’s turnover, which was above Rs. 84,000 crore in 2002-03, is estimated to have exceeded Rs. 1,00,000 crore ( USD 22. 74 billion) in 2003-04. Automobile Dealers Network in India In terms of Car dealer networks and authorized service stations, Maruti leads the pack with Dealer networks and workshops across the country. The other leading automobile manufactures are also trying to cope up and are opening their service stations and dealer workshops in all the metros and major cities of the country. Dealers offer varying kind of discount of finances who in tern pass it on to the customers in the form of reduced interest rates. Major Manufacturers in Automobile Industry Maruti Udyog Ltd. General Motors India Ford India Ltd. Eicher Motors Bajaj Auto Daewoo Motors India Hero Motors Hindustan Motors Hyundai Motor India Ltd. Royal Enfield Motors Telco TVS Motors DC Designs Swaraj Mazda Ltd Government has liberalized the norms for foreign investment and import of technology and that appears to have benefited the automobile sector. The production of total vehicles increased from 4. 2 million in 1998- 99 to 7. 3 million in 2003-04. It is likely that the production of such vehicles will exceed 10 million in the next couple of years. The industry has adopted the global standards and this was manifested in the increasing exports of the sector. After a temporary slump during 1998- 99 and 1999-00, such exports registered robust growth rates of well over 50 per cent in 2002-03 and 2003-04 each to exceed two and- a-half times the export figure for 2001-02. Automobile Export Numbers Category1998-991998-99Passenger Car25468121478Multi Utility Vehicles26543892Commercial Vehicles1010819931Two Wheelers100002256765Three Wheelers2113851535Percentage Growth-16. 632. 8 THE KEY FACTORS BEHIND THIS UPSWING Sales incentives, introduction of new models as well as variants coupled with easy availability of low cost finance with comfortable repayment options continued to drive demand and sales of automobiles during the first two quarters of the current year. The risk of an increase in the interest rates, the impact of delayed monsoons on rural demand, and increase in the costs of inputs such as steel are the key concerns for the players in the industry. As the players continue to introduce new models and variants, the competition may intensify further. The ability of the players to contain costs and focus on exports will be critical for the performance of their respective companies. The auto component sector has also posted significant growth of 20 per cent in 2003-04, to achieve a sales turnover of Rs. 30,640 crore (US$ 6. 7 billion). Further, there is a potential for higher growth due to outsourcing activities by global automobiles giants. Today, this sector has emerged as another sunrise sector. EVEN GROWTH Opposing the belief that the growth in automobile industry has catered only to the top income-stratum of society, Growth of exports of 32. 8 % in the first three quarters of 2004-05, the fastest growth in volumes has come from commercial vehicles as against passenger cars. Between 1998-99 and 2003-04, output of commercial vehicles has grown 2. 8 times compared to the 2. 2 times increase in passenger cars. Furthermore, two-wheeler output continues to dominate the volume statistics of the sector. In 2003-04, for every passenger car turned out by the sector, there were 7 two-wheelers produced. In the two wheeler segment, there is a greater preference for motorcycles followed by scooters, with both production and domestic sales of motorcycles increasing at faster rates than for scooters in the current and previous years. However, mopeds have registered low or negative growth. Export growth rates have been high both for motorcycles and scooters. Automobile Industry, India Automobile Industry. (2017, Feb 06). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Facts that make a class productive and enjoyable Essay

Facts that make a class productive and enjoyable - Essay Example In the process, clear distinction will be brought forth between being productive and being occupied. The first step that needs to be observed by teachers is; teaching the right things. It is not accurate to assume that all the things teachers teach are usually relevant and of ‘good practice’. Most teachers have adopted the method of â€Å"mark to the objective†. This method may also be referred to as marking, quality or focused. Such method of teaching disregard objectives of learning. Most teaching methods have been preoccupied with predetermination of what would be called as core subjects to train children on. The focus is much laid on the national curriculum than the actual things from which the students will benefit. One way of dealing with this is to try to use practical things in class especially when illustrating some products. This should go hand in hand with the identification of the right objective and subsequently, teaching these objectives at the right time at appropriate level. Rather than judging the teachers on whether they met the objectives of t he teaching, focus should be on whether those teachers got the objectives right in the first place. Another significant step that the teacher should observe and is a great factor is; getting the students do the work by themselves. There should be a very clear balance between the time students are putting in the work and what the teachers put. Study conducted by Smith, et.al (pg 13) reveals that schools where teachers and student do the work at the ration of 20:80 per cent, performed better than otherwise. This also depended on the teaching of the right objectives at the right time. Introducing the students into actual practice enables them to be more productive and they tend to find learning interesting as well. Another very important stage of making learning productive and fun is; the organizing

Corperate Finace- Financial report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corperate Finace- Financial report - Essay Example As of now, the financial condition of Balfour is stronger. However, there is a lack of efficiency in the company’s receivable management system. The company must look into this matter with more concern. As of now, Balfour seems to be a better choice for the investors as this is offering a good return on the equity invested. This report aims to offer a comparative study of the financial statements of the two companies. The analysis has taken into consideration different parameters of financial analysis. To assist in understanding, the analysis has been done after taking into account the financial data of three years. In the end, a conclusion has been inferred from the entire analysis. The company is one of the leading property development companies in the United Kingdom. The company’s operation is based on its imaginative design and quality customer service. At the time of financial downturn, the entire housing and infrastructure market was experiencing a difficult time. In such a situation, the company started dealing in mid market residential houses. As the economy is on its way to recovery, the company is required to place its strategies to make its mark in the industry. Balfour Beatty is a leading organisation in road infrastructure, electrical and mechanical engineering, support services and a number of other such disciplines. Institutionalized back in the year 1909, the organisation is now one of the prominent fixed rail infrastructures contracting company, worldwide. In the last year, the company ranked 19th in the international league of contractors. Balfour Beatty deals in infrastructure building which includes a wide range of civil and rail engineering products. In the United States, the organisation deals in asset management and capital products. The company is expected to retain its prominent position with the help of well developed strategies. The above image displays the current and

Aloha Airlines Flight 243 Aircraft Accident Report Essay

Aloha Airlines Flight 243 Aircraft Accident Report - Essay Example The main cause being the failure of an epoxy adhesive which is used to bond aluminum sheets of the fuselage together. Two sheets, not bond properly creates a gap through which water seeps in and corrosion begins, as the corrosive parts have a greater volume than the underlying metal, the two sheets are forced apart resulting in the increase of stress on the rivets (which are also used) for holding them together. Taking into account that the aircraft was 19 years old at the time of the accident it had already surpassed its takeoff-landing cycles , it should have been subjected to a full uninterrupted inspection rather than the longer and extensive â€Å"D Check† which was performed in morning installments, furthermore â€Å"eddy-current testing’ inspection on the fuselage skin was lacking. A crack was noticed by a passenger who didn’t notify anyone, as the aircraft had already surpassed its takeoff-landing cycles (compression and decompression cycles), this crack s inevitably due to metal fatigue. Matt Austin came up with another reason for the accident after studying the disintegration of the fuselage of the aircraft. This states that at first, the fuselage failed to open a 10-inch vent through which the cabin air escaped at 700mph, flight attendant C.B.Lansing got sucked into the vent instead of being thrown off the aircraft. This blockage instantly caused an increase in pressure which inadvertently acted as a fluid hammer and tore the jet apart. The structural failure of the 19year old Boeing 737 stressed on creating awareness of aging aircraft throughout the aviation industry. The multiple site fatigue was the cause of the structural damage which primarily was due to the failure and negligence of the operator maintenance program which is supposed to track and detect corrosion damage.

Obstructive sleep apnoea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Obstructive sleep apnoea - Essay Example The conventional and popular treatment like CPAP, VPAP, and APAP along with development of new therapies and their respective operating mechanisms are explained. Lastly the widening future perspective is mentioned with special emphasis on the prevalence of the disease on the infants. 1. Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea is a pathological disorder generally found with cyclic upper airway obstruction with the narrowing of the respiratory passages during sleep. A general trend that follows with this disorder is that the majority people affected are overweight with higher deposits of fatty tissues in their respiratory passages with hyper normal size of soft palates and tongues (Obstructive Sleep Apnea, n.d.). Adverse consequences of this disorder are related with excessive daytime sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, retarded work performance, anxiety, difficulties in personal relations, increased risk of fatal and non fatal automobile accidents leading to the loss of human life and hug e economical burden in the modern world. Thus the study of this disorder in its core is a necessity and synchronous analysis of this disorder is elucidated in the paper from problem identification to functional remedial measures. 1.1 Historical background Years after the World war, medical science saw new dimensions in the psychological treatments which included brain wave patterns and rapid eye movement (REM). During 1960s, several investigators participated in the explanatory and quantitative analysis of human and animal sleep with related changes in subsequent stages of development. Development revealed the phenomenal concept of duality of sleep which stated that sleep generally consisted of two distinct organismic states that is REM sleep and non-REM sleep. Fig.1 General Structure of sleep (Dement, 1998) Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) was first diagnosed in Europe in the year 1965 by two groups Gastant et al, Jung and Kuhlo. This disorder was named as the â€Å"Pickwickian synd rome† a decade earlier with the misattribution that the daytime somnolence is a cause hypercapnia (excess of carbon di oxide in the body) and it would have not unfurled transparently until Italian neurologist Elio Lugaresi became deeply engrossed in the study of the Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) and tracked down the problem with unparalleled zeal and set the platform for its further research (Dement, 1998). Throughout the 1970s the only effective treatment for acute OSA was chronic tracheostomy, which generated severe constraints and was regarded as a barrier to the expansion of the sleep medicine. The phase of 1980s ushered with the development of alternative method like Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. In recent decade awareness has been greatly spread and facts reveal that OSA afflicts around 30 million people in USA and many millions around the globe. The disorder is found to vary among different age groups depending on the way of diagnosis of the disorder (Dement, 1998). 1.2 E pidemiology and Prevalence of apnea The fundamental features of OSA are generally featured by frequent instances of apnea and hypopnea while in slumber. In adults undiagnosed OSA is very common wide severity, cardiovascular and behavioral disorders. A need for better credit and management of severe and symptomatic OSA is highly necessary (Young et al, 2002). The prevalence of OSA has been estimated to vary in the range of 2 to 10 percent

Jordanian cuisine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jordanian cuisine - Essay Example Lamb and chicken meat is the most preferred choice of meat. Men and women do not dine together and eating with the right hand is the preferred method. The flavors include grains, cheese, herbs, fresh and dried fruits, yoghurt and spices. A team of professional chefs and local women camp at Petra kitchen in Petra to offer cookery lessons in making traditional Jordanian cuisine. Though the menu varies with seasons, a wide range of delicious dishes, mezze plates, a main dish, dessert or fresh fruits, bread (Shrak), and coffee dominates a Jordanian cuisine. The staple food of Jordan is Mansaf that takes hours in preparing and feasting. It consists of a lamb cooked in yoghurt, lightly spiced, seasoned with aromatic herbs, and served with rice. They reserved Mensef that is a Bedouin feast and the pride of Jordanian cuisine for special occasions like weddings. The preparation of Mensef entails the roasting of a whole sheep, serving huge chunks of the roasted meat with rice, yoghurt, and fried nuts on a huge plate. They also reserved a delicacy of softly cooked eyes for the guests of honor. Stuffed baby Lamb is also a popular dish in the traditional Jordan enjoyed as a main meal. It comprises a roasted lamb, nuts, rice, raisins, and chopped onions (The Hashemite kingdom of Jordan Web). There is a variety of kebabs in the Jordanian cuisine. Knafeh is the main dessert in a Jordanian cuisine and comprises of white cheese covered with sweet syrup and gooey. Jordanian wine is also acceptable in a Jordanian cuisine (Responsible travel Web). Cooking a Jordanian Cuisine is however easy and fun and requires no special equipment. Due to its delicious nature and simplicity in cooking, the Jordanian Cuisine has spread in Europe as well as maintaining its traditional aspects in

Organizational theory Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational theory - Coursework Example 45) For the best implementation of change towards this model, first, there should be personal and team education, this would help in the proper understanding of the challenges presented and the possible methods to deal with these challenges, for this to go as required the process must start with a self-assessment test. They should then highlight the concepts and the approaches, and then conduct the training sessions (Moretz, 2012, p. 107) The second step towards moving to this model is educating others, in that those who understand the concepts of this model and have enough knowledge regarding strategies and programs can share this information with other staff members and their colleagues. As the information spreads, even the families come to join the process. This may be through professional and personal stories, organizational leadership staff and even peer mentors The third step for the implementation of the model is the development of infrastructure, this helps in sustaining and creating improvements in many institutions. Infrastructure development may be through staff liaison, integration of patient and family advisors and development of action plans (Moretz, 2012, p.

Junior High School Experience Personal Statement - 4

Junior High School Experience - Personal Statement Example Ernie sat next to me at the lunch table. No big deal. I knew Ernie from our classes together, and he made a successful, albeit uncontested, run for student council. Perhaps it was the politician in Ernie that caused him to do what he did that day. One of the things that the members of the student council had to do was sell candy bars to raise money. Ernie was seated at the end of the picnic table style bench, and on the table were his books, neatly stacked. On top of the books was his box of student council candy. I was having a conversation with someone across from me when Ernie knocked over his books and student council candy box. The candy spilled all over the floor. Because the lunchroom was also the gym, except during the lunch hour, then the noise that Ernie’s books made when they hit the floor was loud and resounding, and everything and everyone was quiet. All eyes looked to Ernie’s fallen mess, then, just as quickly, the noise and talking resumed. No one cared t hat Ernie’s books and candy were on the floor. I especially did not care and resumed my conversation with my friend. â€Å"What?† I answered a little more harshly. I just did not understand what this guy’s story was. What was the big deal? He knocked books off the table. It had nothing to do with me. No one cared, pick them up and get on with life. â€Å"If you don’t pick it up,† he spoke softly so that only I could hear him in the noisy cafeteria, â€Å"I’m going to tell him,† pointing to the history teacher standing in the front of the room, â€Å"that you asked me for the questions on the test.† Our next period was with that teacher, and apparently, Ernie had him the previous hour and had already taken the test that we would be getting in the after lunch hour. I have to say that I was shocked, but not for a second did I believe Ernie was going to do what he threatened.  

Anxiety Among Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics Essay Example for Free

Anxiety Among Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics Essay Abstract Alcohol is one of the most widely used drug substances in the world. For many people, drinking alcohol is nothing more than a pleasant way to relax. People with alcohol use disorders, however, drink to excess, endangering both themselves and others. In the mental health area alcoholism is caused mostly by depression, anxiety and stress, on the other hand it also leads to depression and stress. The present study aims to compare depression and anxiety among alcoholics and non- alcoholics. It was assumed that depression and anxiety may be the risk factors for alcoholism. A sample of 100 people (50 alcoholics and 50 non-alcoholics) was randomly selected from Delhi. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to collect data on depression and anxiety. t-test was administered to compare two groups. The result of the study showed that alcoholic group was higher on depression as well as anxiety than the non alcoholic group, and it was also found that there is no clear cut casual relationship between alcoholism and depression and anxiety. Alcoholism is perhaps most strongly associated with antisocial personality disorder and drug abuse, but its relationship to other forms of psychopathology has become increasingly evident. In particular, investigations of alcoholic samples indicate a strong co-occurrence of alcoholism with diverse form of anxiety and depressive disorder (Barbor et al, 1992; Chambless et al, 1987; Hasegawa 1991; keller 1994; Nunes, Quitkin Berman, 1988; Penick, 1994; Schuckit, Irwin Brown, 1990). ______________________________________________________________________ *Associate professor, Deptt. Of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh **Research scholar, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. According to Nijhawan (1972) Anxiety, one of the most pervasive psychological phenomenons of the modern era refers to a â€Å"persistent distressing psychological state arising from an inner conflict†. Depression can be defined as â€Å"a state of mind, or more specifically, a mental disorder, characterized by lowering of the individual’s vitality, his mood, his desires, hopes, aspirations and of his self-esteem. It may range from no more than a mild feeling of tiredness and sadness to the most profound state of apathy with complete, psychotic disregard for reality.† (Mendelssohn, 1963). Alcoholism can lead people into serious trouble, and can be physically and mentally destructive. Currently alcohol use is involved in half of all crimes, murders, accidental deaths, and suicides. There are also many health problems associated with alcohol use such as brain damage, cancer, heart disease, diseases of the liver, depression anxiety and other mental disorders. Results from community surveys and epidemiologic samples indicate that substantial comorbidity also exists for depression, anxiety and alcoholism in the general population (Regier et al, 1990; Helzer Pryzbeck, 1988; Kendler et al, 1995). The high co-occurrence of these syndromes, therefore, represents a significant clinical and public health issue that is likely to affect a substantial proportion of the general population. Although the comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders has been extensively documented in both clinical and epidemiologic investigations, the specific mechanisms underlying these associations remain a source of debate. One widely accepted hypothesis is that these forms of comorbidity reflect a causal relationship of alcoholism with anxiety and depression. Support for a causal association is based partly on observations that alcohol is commonly used to self- medicate symptoms of negative affect, and so, alcoholism often develops as a secondary diagnosis to anxiety and depression (Meyer Kranzler,1990; Hesselbrock, Meyer Keener,1985; Lader,1972; Merikangas et al,1985). The 18-month follow-up of participants of the Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults Living in Private Households, 2000 survey (Singleton Lewis, 2003) provides an opportunity to determine whether excessive alcohol consumption and abnormal patterns of use are risk factors for incident anxiety and depression in the general population. The study also examined the reverse relationship, considering whether anxiety and depression are risk factors for the development of abnormal patterns of alcohol consumption. However, evidence for a causal relationship is not unidirectional as alcoholism is often observed as a primary disorder, and the presence of problem drinking itself may generate severe anxiety or depressive syndromes (Mendelson Mello, 1979, Nathan, OBrien Lowenstein, 1971; Schuckit, Irwin Smith, 1994; Stockwell, Hodgson Rankin, 1982). Heavy alcohol consumption has been implicated in the development of anxiety and depression (Schuckit, 1983). Many cross-sectional studies have identified considerable comorbidity between anxiety and depression, and alcohol abuse. For example, data from four large community based epidemiological studies (n422 000) in Europe and the USA consistently demonstrated a two- to threefold increase in the lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depression in those with DSM–III or DSM–III–R alcohol abuse or dependence (Swendsen et al, 1998). If anxiety disorders and alcoholism are casually related, there should be a high rate of alcoholism among patients being treated for anxiety disorders. Two studies (Torgersen, 1986; Cloninger et al, 1981) of the prevalence of alcoholism in patients being treated for anxiety neurosis were identified. These investigations suggest a lifetime population prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence of approximately 14%. The survey of the relevant literature made it quite obvious that much of the studies show a prevalence of depression and anxiety among alcoholics. However, previous studies have also pointed out the possibility of alcoholism as risk factors for depression and anxiety. At the same time, literature does not provide any clear cut direction towards the casual relationship between alcoholism and depression and anxiety. Thus, despite the strong association of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders, no universal consensus has been reached regarding the specific mechanisms underlying these associations. The present study aims to identify depression and anxiety among alcoholic and non-alcoholic peoples. Method: Sample: sample of the present study consisted of 100 subjects (50 alcoholics and 50 non alcoholics). The alcoholics were identified through survey from different living areas (including rural, urban and semi-urban) of Delhi and 50 alcoholics were randomly selected for the study. In the same way the non-alcoholic subjects were also selected randomly from different parts of Delhi. The age range of the subjects was between 25 to 50 years. Tools: â€Å"Beck Depression Inventory† BDI -2nd was designed by Beck, Steer Brown (1996). This self report scale has shown to document levels of depression. BDI -2nd edition contains 21 items, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. The cut offs used are 0-13 Minimal depression; 14-19 Mild depression; 20-28 Moderate depression; and 29-63 Severe Depression. Higher total scorer indicates more severe depression symptoms. â€Å"Beck Anxiety Inventory† was designed Beck, Epstein, Brown, Steer (1988). This self report scale has shown to document levels of Anxiety symptoms in a valid and consistent manner. BAI contains 21 items each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. Each symptom item has four possible answer choices: not at all (assigned value =o); Mildly (it did not bother me much) (assigned value=1); Moderately (it was unpleasant but I could stand it) (assigned value =2); and Severely (I could barely stand it) (assigned value =3). The values for each item are summed together to yield an overall or score for all 21 symptoms that can range between 0 and 63 points. A total score of 0-7 is interpreted as a minimal level of Anxiety, 8-15 as ‘mild’, 16-25 as ‘moderate’ and 26-63 as ‘severe’. The BAI is psychometrically sound. Interval consistency ÃŽ ± =.92 to.94, for adults and test-retest (one week interval) reliability is .75. Procedure: The test for depression and anxiety were administered on the subjects individually after establishing the rapport with them. Each and every item was explained to the subject, and then he was asked to respond truly for the item. Thus data was collected for depression and anxiety from alcoholic and non-alcoholic people. t-test was applied to find out the significance of difference between the Mean scores of different groups. Results: TABLE-1 Showing comparison of Mean for depression and anxiety scores between the alcoholics and non-alcoholics Variables| Groups| N| Mean| Std.deviation| t | df| P| depression| Alcoholic Nonalcoholic| 50 50| 35.7600 17.1000| 10.17913 6.15530| 11.092| 98| .01*| Anxiety| Alcoholicnonalcoholic| 50 50| 38.0800 18.3200| 11.55261 6.18570| 10.662| 98| .01*| *Significant at .01 level of confidence TABLE-1 further shows the results obtained by the comparison of alcoholics and non alcoholic group for depression and anxiety. The obtained results show that the mean depression score (M=35.7600) for alcoholic people is higher than the mean depression score (M=17.1000) for non alcoholic people, and the difference between the two means (t=11.092) is statistically significant at .01 level of confidence. Consequently it reveals the findings that alcoholic people have higher depression than the non-alcoholics. The TABLE-1 also shows the results of the comparison of alcoholic and non-alcoholic people on anxiety. The mean anxiety scores (M=38.0800) of alcoholics is found very much higher than the mean anxiety scores (M=18.3200) of the non-alcoholics and the two means difference (t=10.662) is statistically significant at .01 level of confidence. It indicates that alcoholic people have higher anxiety than the non-alcoholic people. Discussion: The basis of the above results may safely be concluded that the alcoholics are highly depressed and extremely anxious than the non-alcoholic people. However, the high prevalence of these anxiety and depressives’ symptoms does not necessarily mean that these alcoholic individuals will demonstrate the long term course or require the long term treatments associated with DSM-III-R major depressive and anxiety disorders. The temporal nature of the association between Depression Anxiety and alcohol is difficult to determine from studies, which uncertainty arising as to whether alcohol is a risk factor or a form of self –medication. The finding of the present study support the findings of Hartka et al, (1991) that reported a significant correlation between baseline consumption of alcohol and depression at follow-up based on data from eight longitudinal studies. However, in this analysis control of confounders was limited to age, gender and interval between measurements. Overall, our findings are contradictory with those of Wang Patten (2001) who observed no excess morbidity among those who drank daily, those who drank in binges (more than five drinks), those who had more than one drink daily, and among drinkers in general. Alcohol dependence was not considered. Similarly, in a randomly selected community cohort with follow-up at 3 and 7 years, Moscato et al (1997) found no excess incidence of depressive symptoms among those with ‘alcohol problems’ (defined as a DSM–IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence or abuse or drinking more than five drinks a day on one or more occasions per week). It may safely be concluded on the bases of previous literature and result of the present study that there is no clear cut casual relationship between depressive and anxiety disorder and alcoholism. In the similar way our findings of the study show that the alcoholics are more depressive and anxious than the non alcoholics. Though it does not show any clear cut picture either alcohol is risk factor for depression and anxiety or depression and anxiety is a risk factor for alcoholism. References Babor, T., Wolfson, A., Boivin, D., Radouco-Thomas, S., Clark, W. (1992). Alcoholism, culture, and psychopathology: A comparative study of French, French Canadian, and American alcoholics. In: Helzer, J., Canino, G. (eds): Alcoholism in North America, Europe, and Asia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 182-195. Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., Steer, R.A. (1988). â€Å"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric Properties, Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology; 56:893-897 Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Brown, B.K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Ed.). San Antonio. Tx; Psychological Corporation. Chambless, D., Cherney, J., Caputo, G., Rheinstein, B. (1987). Anxiety disorders and alcoholism: A study with inpatient alcoholics. J Anxiety Disord; 1:29-40. Cloninger, C.R., Martin, R.L., Clayton, P., Guze, S.B. (1981). A blind follow-up and family study of anxiety neurosis: preliminary analysis of the St Louis 500, in Anxiety: New Research and changing Concepts, Edited by Klein, D.F., Rabkin, J. New York, Raven Press, Hartka, E., Johnstone, B., Leino,V. (1991). A meta-analysis of depressive symptomatology and alcohol consumption over time. British Journal of Addiction; 86: 1283-1298. Hasegawa, K., Mukasa, H., Nakazawa, Y., HK., Nakamura, K. (1991). Primary and secondary depression in alcoholism-clinical features and family history. Drug Alcohol Depend; 27:275-281. Helzer, J., Pryzbeck, T. (1988). The co-occurrence of alcoholism with other psychiatric disorders in the general population and its impact on treatment. J Stud Alcohol; 49:219-224. Hesselbrock, M., Meyer, R., Keener, J. (1985). Psychopathology in hospitalized alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry; 42:1050- 1055. Keller, M. (1994). Dysthymia in clinical practice: Course, outcome and impact on the community. Acta Psychiatr Scand; 383(Suppl):24-34. Kendler, K., Waiters, E., Neale, M., Kessler, R., Heath, A., Eaves, L. The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:374-383. Lader, M. (1972). The nature of anxiety. Br J Psychiatry; 121: 481-491. Mendelson, J., Mello, N. (1979). Medical progress: Biologic concomitants of alcoholism. N Engl J Med; 301:912-921. Mendelssohn, V.P. (1963). Depression in incyclopedia of mental health. Vol.II, Franklin Walts, Inc. Merikangas, K., Leckman, J., Prusoff, B., Pauls, D., Weissman, M. (1985). Familial transmission of depression and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry ; 42:367-372. Meyer, R., Kranzler, H. (1990). Alcohol abuse/dependence and co-morbid anxiety and depression. In: Maser J, Cloninger C (eds): Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press: 283-292. Moscato, B., Russell, M., Zielezny, M. (1997). Gender differences in the relation between depressive symptoms and alcohol problems: a longitudinal perspective. American Journal of Epidemiology; 146: 966-974. Nathan, P., OBrien, J., Lowenstein, L. (1971). Operant studies of chronic alcoholism: Interaction of alcohol and alcoholics. In: Roach, P., Mclssac, W., Creaven, P. (eds): Biological Aspects of Alcohol. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press;. Nijhawan, H. K. (1972). Anxiety in school children. New Delhi : Wiley Eastern Private Limited. Nunes, E., Quitkin, F., Berman, C. (1988). Panic disorder and depression in female alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 49:441- 443. Penick, E., Powell, B., Nickel, E., Bingham, S., Riesenmy, K., Read, M. (1994). Comorbidity of lifetime psychiatric disorder among male alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res; 18:1289-1293. Regier, D., Farmer, M., Rae, D., Locke, B., Keith, S., Judd, L. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA; 264:2511-2518. Schuckit, M. (1983). Alcoholic patients with secondary depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140: 711-714. Schuckit, M., Hesselbrock, V. (1994). Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders: What is the relationship? Am J Psychiatry, 151:1723-1734. Schuckit, M., Irwin, M., Brown, S. (1990) .The history of anxiety symptoms among 171 primary alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol; 51:34-41. Schuckit, M., Irwin, M., Smith, T. (1994). One-year incidence rate of major depression and other psychiatric disorders in 239 alcoholic men. Addiction ; 89:441-445. Schuckit, M., Tipp, J., Bergman, M., Reich, W., Hesselbrock, V., Smith, T. (1997). Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorder in 2,945 alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry; 154:948-957. Singleton, N. Lewis, G. (2003). Better or Worse: A Longitudinal Study of the Mental Health of Adults Living in Private Households in Great Britain. London: Stationery Office. . Stockwell, T., Hodgson, R., Rankin, H. (1982). Tension reduction and the effects of prolonged alcohol consumption. Br J Addict; 77:65-73. Stockwell, T., Smail, P., Hodgson, R., Canter, S. (1984). Alcohol dependence and phobic anxiety states. II. A retrospective study. Br J Psychiatry; 144:58-63. Swendsen, J., Merikangas, K., Canino,G. (1998). The comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders in four geographic communities. Comprehensive Psychiatry; 39:176-184. Torgersen, S. (1986). Childhood and family characteristics in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry; 143:630-632 Wang, J. Patten, S. B. (2001). Alcohol consumption and major depression: findings from a follow-up study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry; 46: 632-638.

Roles of Managers and Individuals Essay Example for Free

Roles of Managers and Individuals Essay There is one thing that is a constant within any organization which is change. Change is undeniable and inevitable. Change is what leads to progress. Structures, procedures, systems and policies and systems or just a few forms of change which an organization will use when utilizing change. When an organization undergoes goes there is a focus on the behaviors as well as the results based production delivered by its employees. When employees engage themselves in the change process while taking ownership of the processes in place, the organization will obtain value. Management at the executive level to the supervisors on the front line will all play a role in the process of change. The following will examine the roles of managers, change agents that are used, as well as the management’s role in combating resistance, and championing change. Roles of Managers â€Å"The ultimate goal of change management is to engage employees and encourage their adoption of a new way of doing their jobs.† (Change Management Learning Center, 2014). There are several key management roles in the change process such as a project team, intermediate level managers and supervisors and finally executives and senior management. Senior-level managers and executives have many roles such as visibility and participation throughout the entire duration of the project, communicate with employees, manage resistance and build a group of strong leaders for the future. An effective way to predict the success of a project is through strong leadership. Front line supervisors and intermediate-level managers also manage resistance in addition to the roles of coaching, advocating, communicating and acting as a liaison for upper management to the  individuals. Employees prefer hearing the risks and rewards that come from change and how it will affect the staff on a day to day basis from their direct manager as this is who they built a report with. Managers act as the voice of the organization and must be advocates of change whether they agree with it or not. The manager’s job is to prevent resistance from employees, take direction while providing feedback to the team and helping with the individual transitions of the employees. When dealing with the change process, the role of the individual is the acceptance of altering the day to day operations while using the solutions of change. The employees are in charge of controlling the changes and alterations in their particular division or area. The employees also act as the main source of feedback regarding the changes as they are on the â€Å"front line† and see all of these changes first hand. Change Agents Whether the organization is large or small, it will need a change agent to undergo the change process. A change agent is defined as â€Å"individual or group that undertakes the task of initiating and managing change in an organization† (Lunenburg, 2010). A change agent will either be internal, which consists of managers, supervisors or any employee that is in charge of the over-sight of the change, or external, which consists of any third party firms or consultants. Internal Change Agents Internal change agents consist of individuals that provide training, knowledge, personal perspectives, procedures in problem solving, skill building, data gathering to evaluate processes and assistance with team learning within groups. Internal changes agents will invest themselves personally in the change and have knowledge of the organization’s culture, issues, employees and environment. External Change Agents External change agents are used to make large organizational overhauls and massive changes. These change agents are brought in from outside the organization and are used to provide an unbiased perspective of the situation and push the organization to think outside of the norm.The draw-backs of external change agents are availability ( as they will have other clients), cost, and time ( to become familiar with the way the organization runs its business). Combating Resistance The first step in combating resistance is to realize that not all employees are going to resist the changes. Once the employees who do resist are identified it’s important for management to identify how each employee will respond best when feeling resistant. Managers would be best served looking for signs of resistance that include sabotage, blaming and intimidation. Once these symptoms have been identified management must utilize the correct approach with which they use for the employee. Some of these approaches include: Resistance Cycle- This approach includes the psychological stages such as resistance and denial. Situational Approach- This is a combination of six methods that range from communication to education to implicit and explicit coercion. Thought Self-Leadership- This process involves leading through persuasion using the thoughts of the individual. Successful leadership involves identifying and understanding the differences between the two styles of resistance, passive and active. Once this is done, action may be taken to squash any resistance the employees have created. Championing Change Championing change begins in the hiring and grooming process. Organizations are committed to choosing the best available candidates that will flourish and blossom into the leaders of the future. The organization must identify the changes they are looking to make and then choose employees that will best format to those changes, Once the employees have been selected, they must be given all the tools needed to transition the organization to where it wants to go, this includes training and education. Finally, feedback needs to be given throughout the process to ensure that all agreed upon changes are being completed successfully and are accomplishing desired  objectives. There is one thing that is a constant within any organization which is change. Change is undeniable and inevitable. Utilizing change agents, having active leadership and management with the ability to communicate, and sustaining a positive relationship with the employees are sure fire ways to ensure a seamless transiti on through change. References Change Management Learning Center. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-job-roles-mod2.htm Lunenburg, F.C. (2010). Managing Change: The role of the change agent. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 13(1), 1-6. Retrieved from http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Lunenburg,%20Fred%20C. %20Managing%20Change%20The%20Role%20of%20Change%20Agent%20IJMBA,%20V13%20N1%202010.pdf

Multiprogramming And Time Sharing

Multiprogramming And Time Sharing In a multiprogramming and time sharing environment, several users share the system simultaneously. This situation can result in various security problems. What are two such problems? Ans1. (a) In Multiprogramming and time sharing environment multiple users share the data and system so these are following two problems which might occur There can be the case of pilfering of data, which can result in various problems. It means after gaining illegal access in somebody system and thieving the data is a problem One more problem can be, no proper accounting of resources, it means if somebody is using the resource without maintaining proper accounting data, is a serious problem. Can we ensure the same degree of security in a time shared machine as in a dedicated machine? Explain your answer. Ans1. (b) We cannot assure same level of security as it is presented in dedicated machine. Because in time sharing environment, multiple users are accessing the system, so it is somewhat difficult to implement because if we are planning to use a high-level encryption for the sharing environment, than it will be difficult to implement that security. Each and every security system made by human can be broken by another human. Under what circumstances would a user be better off using a time sharing system rather than a PC or single user workstation? Ans2. There are two types of basic working environments Time sharing environment Dedicated resource environment In time sharing environment, multiple users are sharing the system and resources and this type of environment is useful when the tasks which are to performed are big or large and hardware resources are fast efficient. The full power of the resources can be consumed for the user problems. Dedicated environment is useful when the tasks which are to be performed are small level. This environment is preferred when hardware resources are sufficient to handle the users problem. In the designing of the operating system there are two approaches modular kernel and layered approach? How are they different? Ans3. Both modular kernel and layered approach are the approaches of the designing of the architecture of operating system. Layered Approach: Layered approach follows the concept of design in the form of different layers. In this the operating system is divided into layers in which core layer is hardware resources and the topmost layer is User-Interface. The layers which are in-between interact with the layer below it and finish the tasks. In this all the subsystems are to be executed in strict order. Modular Kernel Approach: This approach divides the operating system designing into modules of various levels. Like for e.g. in modules various different fields like booting, process, jobs, etc are divided and they run their modules in random manner. In a single module a group of various tasks are specified. Difference between both these designs is that layered approach imposes strict ordering of other layers; lower layers are not allowed to invoke operations corresponding to upper layer operations, whereas in the case of modular approach various modules can invoke each other without any constraint. Part B There is guest operating system and a host operating system like VMware? List all the factors in choosing the host operating system? Ans4. The factors which affect the selection of host operating system are: The host operating system should be of upgraded version which you are using as using as guest operating system. Hardware resources get shared in case of guest operating system, so care must be taken off. Because if the resources scarcity occurs both the OS will hang. Operating system used must be stable. It more depends upon security and speed. The kernel is responsible for a action with the processes. Search through the action of kernel and describe what the action is? Ans5. Kernel is known as the heart of the Operating System. Kernel is the main task handler of the OS. It represents as a bridge between applications and the data processing which is performed at hardware level. The actions of Kernel are : Kernel sets up an address space for the program, loads the files containing the programs code into memory and executes it. Multi-tasking kernels are able to give the user the virtual view that the number of processes running simultaneously is higher than the maximum number of processes the computer is actually running. Kernel uses scheduling algorithms to determine which process is running next and how much time it will be given. The algorithm chosen may allow for some processes to have higher priority than others. The kernel generally also provides these processes a way to communicate; this is known as inter-process communication. Kernel is responsible for communicating the hardware resources with the software components. Co-operative multitasking, where each process is allowed to run uninterrupted until it makes a special request that tells the kernel it may switch to another process. Such requests are known as yielding. Q6. Considering both the system level and the programmer level. Consider the advantage and disadvantage of the following structure. Synchronous and asynchronous communication. Ans (a) Synchronous communication is direct communication. In which the communication is time synchronized. It means all the users are involved in the communication are present at the same time. Asynchronous communication does not require that all the users involved in the communication should be present at the same time. For e.g. e-mails, blogging. Asynchronous is useful when the communication is done at far scale means online. Automatic and explicit buffering. Ans (b) Automatic buffering provides a queue which of infinite length, which will never block the user while waiting to perform a task. Disadvantage: In this large amount of memory space is wasted while allocation. Explicit Buffering asks explicitly that how much memory must be allocated as the available queue. In this user can be blocked while it is performing some task Advantage: Less Memory space will be wasted with explicit buffering. Send by copy and send by reference Ans (c) Send by copy, in this type of method original value of the variable is never changed throughout the program or task. Whereas in the case of send by reference, address of the original variable is passed and any changes made in the reference value will be reflected in the original value. Fixed-sized and variable-sized messages. Ans (e) This concept is used at the time of allocation of space of the buffers. In fixed-sized, fix amount of memory is allocated to buffer which will create a problem at the time of memory allocation and forms a memory blockage. Because it can hold limited number of tasks/messages only. Whereas in variable sized the buffer memory can be reallocated and resized at any place. In this the buffer-size is not pre-known.

A Tale of Two Cities - Quotes Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

1.â€Å"It was the best of times†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Charles Darnay and Lucie Manette, in the wake of the French Revolution, blithely married in England. (Book II, Chapter 18) Their marriage forged the loving ties between the two, and brought children to their household. To them, to be able to live with their loved one and to be able to caress their children was the best. They were oblivious of the rousing wraths of the peasants in France, and the time to them could not have been better. 2.â€Å"It was the worst of times†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In Book II, Chapter 21, the Defarges and their supporters angrily stormed the Bastille and ruthlessly decapitated the governor of the prison. Although the breaching of the Bastille was not unwarranted, the inexorable murder of a man trying to do his duty reflected the merciless spirits of the rebels, mad and seething with rage like a bull. The act might have seemed inconsequential then, but soon it would rouse the bloody Revolution where even the suspected man would be killed. Indeed, the storming, and the murder of the governor, marked the beginning of â€Å"the worst of times,† when order was replaced with chaos, when peace was replaced with violence. 3.â€Å"It was the age of wisdom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At Charles Darnay’s first trial in France on charges of being an emigrant, Dr. Manette cleverly used his camaraderie with the mad mobs to liberate Charles. (Book III, Chapter 6) Manette had been a wronged prisoner in the Bastille charged by Evremonde, and, using his eminence and his relationship with Darnay, he was able to manipulate the jury. The wisdom of Manette saved his son-in-law. 4.â€Å"It was the age of foolishness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As the Revolution progresses, more people are executed per day, (â€Å"Fifty-two†, in Book III, Chapter 13) and the bloodthirstiness of t... ...uries befitting the state of a marquis in a luxurious age and country†¦ was conspicuous in their rich furniture†¦ diversified by many objects that were illustrations of old pages in the history of France.† (Book II, Chapter 9) The Marquis’s house was large, extravagant, and decorated – he had everything. 10.â€Å"We had nothing before us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In Book I, Chapter 5, a cask of wine was spilt on the ground, and the people â€Å"suspended their business, or their idleness, to run to the spot and drink the wine.† The ravenous drinking of the people reflects their hungry stomachs, their emptiness – â€Å"devoted themselves to the sodden and lee-dyed pieces of the cask, licking, and even champing the moister wine-rotted fragments with eager relish.† Even a drop of wine was worth the effort. The nothingness that existed for most of the commoners would help incite the French Revolution.

How Surface Area to Volume Ratio Affects the Rate of Heat Loss :: Depression and Suicide

How Surface Area to Volume Ratio Affects the Rate of Heat Loss Aim The aim of this investigation is to answer the following questions: Why do elephants have trouble cooling down? And why do mice have trouble keeping warm. Apparatus 5x cans (5 different sizes) 1x Bunsen burner 1x heatproof mat 1x Thermometer 1x Ruler 1x Kettle 1x Stopwatch 1x Tripod 1x Gauze 1x Clamp and stand Plan ==== * Label each can from A to E in ascending order, A the biggest and E the smallest. A representing the mouse and E representing the elephant. * Measure and record the height and diameter of each can. * Fill can A to the top with boiling water out of the kettle. * Bring the water back up to a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius, to make sure it is a fair test and that all the cans start from 100 degrees Celsius. * Use a clamp and stand to hold the thermometer inside the can, position it so that the bulb of the thermometer is in the centre of the can. * With a stopwatch ready to start timing, switch off the gas to turn off the Bunsen burner and start timing. * Read and record the temperature on the thermometer every two minutes for twenty minutes. * Repeat this for all of the other cans, twice for each one and make a recording of all the temperatures, and work out the averages. Safety ====== * Always wear safety glasses during the practical to protect the eyes and avoid any hot water being splashed into them.

One Fat Summer - Analysis Of Important Theme Essay -- essays research

One Fat Summer by Robert Lipsyte, is a very good book for teenagers that feel insecure about themselves and have low self-esteem. In the book they will read about a young boy name, Bobby who overcomes his fears of being fat and being bullied by Willie, one that is much stronger then him physically, but not emotionally. The basic theme of this story is to stand up for yourself no matter the situation. Willie, the antagonist of the story accidentally makes Bobby overcome his fears and stand up to him. In a way Willie could be a protagonist because he helps Bobby overcome his fears. Willie is a crazy person that doesn't know what he is doing. It all started in the summer when Bobby, an overweight fifteen year old is embarrassed to take his clothes off and swim in the beach because he is embarrassed that people would make fun of his wobbly legs and stomach, yet that isn't the his worst fear. He had taken swimming lessons the last summer, but quit because he started to gain a lot of weight. He tries to ignore the nasty remarks people say about him, but they stay in his mind. He can sort of ignore it because his best friend, Joanie has the ugliest nose on the face of the earth, but she doesn't care a bit about what other people think, which makes her Bobby's mentor, kind of. Bobby finds himself a hard low paying job. It doesn't matter to him how much it pays, but he wants to feel secure about himself that he can do something in his life except eat. The job is to mow a lawn f...

War Horse Movie Review

Macaulay I had the honor of watching War Horse' in my history class, this movie came out in December of 2011 This amazing film was directed by Steven Spielberg, the top three actors were Jeremy Irvine, Tom Hedonistic, and Benedict Cumberland.Darkroom,1 914: Even against if wife's Narrator who Is farmer, buys a thoroughbred horse rather than a work horse, when his teenaged son Albert trains the horse and calls him Joey, You couldn't break them apart, when his crops falls, the farmer sell Joey for the way and he Is shipped to France where, after escapes he Is featured by the Germans and changed hands twice before he Is found.When He runs he gets caught In the barbed wire In No Man's Land a few years later and Is freed, He gets brought back behind British lines where Albert, WHO has enlisted In the war and Is now a private, has been temporarily blinded by gas, but still somehow recognized Joey. However, as the war has ended they declared Joey Is set to be auctioned off, after he is soug ht be auctioned off, The Grandfather of a little girl who had Joey in the beginning of the movie buys Joey, But when he realized That Joey truly longs to Albert, he kindly returns Joey to him stating that â€Å"It is of course what my Granddaughter would've wanted, she IS the boss. I would highly Horse is not for everyone. I would recommend it to those who can take hard truth, and are interested by wars. Even though this book is an historical fiction, it is filled with facts. I wouldn't recommend this book to those who are easily upset and emotional. It shows some of most amazing stories of the life and death of the million horses who served in the Army between 1914- 1918. Over a million died, with fewer than 100,000 returning home.

An Analysis on Alfred Hitchcock and His Film Psycho Essay

In the exhibitor outlook in Alfred Hitchcocks movie, the amount of product line that flowed peck be considered in modern-day cartridge holders as nothing terse of artistry or a nose out of tastefulness in the viewers understanding(a). However, during the 1960s, the shower outlook is considered unreasoncapable or gratuitous, bountiful the context the impression that it depicts too more unsolicited violence.For those who look upon the shower medical prognosis as mavin of Hitchcocks taste of revolutionizing pick outs, the scene throw out be tempered as sensation that reflects the perception of the time in which the make was conceived. Apparently, the shower scene amongst the form of hair-raising scenes in the assume further reflects the 1960s social ferment that grew in the west, including the United States. An other(a)(a) blood-red scene in the movie is the whiz that showed Detective Milton Arbogast being slashed to a bloody death afterward he was pushed off f rom the height of the stairs.The murder of the confidential detective in the movie Psycho, as well as the shower scene, can be taken to flirt with as two of the social upheavals that shatter in the 1960s American society, revolutionizing the look of life in which movie scenes are crafted particularly the way in which they portray violence, sexuality, and language. Hitchcock for the most part worked and directed movies that fall under the thriller literary literary genre by imprinting upon formulaic movies his illustrious idiosyncratic touches. The elbow room in which Hitchcock worked as a important part of the foolmaking serve well largely haved in propelling him to the precondition of an auteur.Hitchcock even ordered and manipulated the shade of fairish he was looking for in leniency Kellys hair in one of the look ats (Martin & Wikstrom, 2001, p. 20). What enab take Hitchcock to cut in the camera is his place of works out the gunpoints of the film in advance, w hich eventually corresponds to the unswervingly underslung ratio of film really utilized in the finishing cut to the film shot during the entire shoot. Having worked out everything in advance, he worked quickly and economically. A token(prenominal) set of editing was the result of his working attitude, hence the term cutting in the camera. The item that Hitchcock planned every detail in advance oftentimes led to bore him during the actual shooting of the film. To remain firm off languor in the course of the actual filming progression, he would customarily commence labor on the storyboards for his plan of attack film project (Martin & Wikstrom, 2001, p. 21). When all the arouse film-makersthose who were referred to as auteurs by the Cahiers du Cinema in 1955, before the term was distorted concealed themselves behind various characters in their movies.Alfred Hitchcock achieved a real tour de force that naturalized his stance further as an auteur (Ray, 2001, p. 38). Hitchcock s most popular films include Vertigo, Psycho, kick upstairs Window, and The Birds which reflected his story telling methods and dexteritys which were renowned for their witty plots, intelligent dialogues and the fusion of mystery and murder. With this respect, Hitchcocks name became commonly attributed to the thriller genre as he created revolutions in that aspect of filmmaking. initiate of the reason to this, apart from the detail that it was the genre he centrally focused on, is his skill which he exhibits during the course of the film which can be observed in his manipulation of the subject in line with the shots he utilizes and on how he is able to integrate them completely (Truffaut & Scott, 2003, p. 346). One illustration to this is shown in one of his famed screen moments. The marvellous shower scene in the film Psycho featured 70 eccentric shots in just a involvement of 1 minute.The numbers of shots were combined altogether in such a manner that one will find a diff icult time seeking the singularity between the montage and the mise-en-scene (Nickens, 1995, p. 110). A long number of movies made by Hitchcock contained flutter cameo appearances by the managing handler himself such as a Hitchcock being seen for a picture period boarding a bus, standing in an apartment across the aloofness of a courtyard, appearing in photographs in the scenes, or by simply miscegenation in front of an edifice.This seemingly mischievous act eventually became labeled as one of the Hitchcock signatures in films. Further, Hitchcock himself would carry a musical instrument in one of the scenes in the film as a recurring theme (Martin & Wikstrom, 2001, p. 23). The fact that these alter elements are included in the movies of Hitchcock signifies the fact that Hitchcock had a very huge spot in the filmmaking process and that this monumental office staff extends his ad hominemity right into the theme of the movie.Since film producers have a significant commit on Hitchcock, he was able to freely include these elements either in a subtle or in an straightforward manner. The constant inclusion of these personal elements in the many movies of Hitchcock eventually molded an propose uniquely his own. Hence, it became inevitable that the movies highlighting these elements were direct attributed to Hitchcock thereby creating the director-image of Hitchcock as an auteur (Sarris, 2002, p. 29).Considering all of the characteristics of Hitchcock, his crucial fictitious character in the movies he created, the inclusion of the elements in the movies which reflect his personality and life ardour as well as the role of the scholars in carefully assessing his impact of his personal touches in the movies, it can be say that Hitchcock indeed is an auteur in the strictest sense of the word. Although arguments can be raised against the role of the director as an auteur in the filming of the movies, it remain a fact that Hitchcock had an immense char ge of participation prior to, during , and even after the filmmaking process.Part of the arguments against it is the claim that several other factors must also be considered and the sexual morality should not solely belong to the director. As with the case of the seemingly lesser roles in the movies, the collective efforts of all the participants excluding the participation of the director when combined altogether essentially posits a substantial bearing in the debut of the film. In conclusion, the factors which are attributed to the delegation of the status of an auteur to Hitchcock should not be looked upon as a means to ignore the relative immensity of the role of the rest of the crew pertain in film production.Rather, the role of Hitchcock as an auteur should be noted as a form of a proper liberty in guiding the direction of the film. On the other hand, the distinction between an auteur and the other roles in the film production should be taken as an informal kin which def ines the structure of the outcome of the movie. This is the point where Hitchcock himself leads the way not only as a director but also as the auteur. Not surprisingly, Alfred Hitchcock techniques are indeed innovative during his life where a considerable number of his films manifested his ingenuity in the film industry. specially in his film Psycho, Hitchcocks style in directing the film is manifested with his fitting use of musical stacks and backgrounds in the proper timing and scene. His onslaught in Psycho manifest the fact that Hitchcock is only one of the few who was able to reshape the film industry and contribute significantly to its quality and style.ReferencesMartin, G. , & Wikstrom, P. (2001). Alfred Hitchcock and the Golden years of Radio. In The Alfred Hitchcock Presents Companion (1st ed. , pp. 20-23) O T R Pub. Nickens, C. (1995).Psycho Behind the Scenes of the Classic Thriller (1st ed. ) Harmony. Ray, R. B. (2001). The Bordwell regime and the Stakes of Knowled ge. In How a icon speculation Got Lost and Other Mysteries in Cultural Studies (pp. 38-39). Indiana Indiana University Press. Sarris, A. (2002). The Auteur Theory Revisited. In V. W. Wexman (Ed. ), Film and Authorship (pp. 27-29). untried Jersey Rutgers University Press. Truffaut, F. , & Scott, H. Hitchcocks Final Years. In 2003 (Ed. ), The Definitive Study of Alfred Hitchcock (Revised ed. , pp. 346). New York Gallimard.

Liberal Theory Essay

This memo outlines the big progress to theorizing multinational relations. Like realism, institutionalism, or non-rational come outes, it is a name attached to a family of related theories of foreign relations. Here it go away not be use of goods and servicesd, as m or so(prenominal) use it in supranational relations, to deputise theories that stress the greatness of internationalist institutions. Nor to designate theories that stress the vastness of universal, altruistic or utopian values of a wide sort, such(prenominal) as human rights or democracy.Nor to designate theories favored by left-wing ( good- find outing) g everyplacenmental parties or policies in the US. Instead, it is a hypothesis that stresses the habit of the varied companionable interests and values of introduces, and their relevance for earthly concern governmental science. self-aggrandizings argue that the universal curb of world politics is globalization. renders be, and always have been , embedded in a national helpated and transnational society, which induces fillips for economic, kindly and cultural interaction across borders. State indemnity whitethorn ease or block such interactions.Some interior(prenominal) groups whitethorn benefit from or be harmed by such policies, and they pressure government accordingly for policies that ease realization of their goals. These favorable pressures, transmitted through interior(prenominal) political institutions, correct asseverate taste sensations that is, the set of real complaisant purposes that motivate foreign insurance constitution. State orientation courses circulate governments an underlie stake in the international issues they face. Since the home(prenominal) and transnational neighborly context in which recounts ar embedded varies greatly across space and time, so do realm preferences.Without such social concerns that slide by express borders, e enunciates would have no rational i ncentive to engage in world politics at tout ensemble, but would simply devote their resources to an autarkic and single out existence. To motivate conflict, cooperation, or e very former(a) dear(p) foreign policy action, evokes must possess sufficiently penetrative farming preferences. The resulting globalization-induced innovation in social demands, and and so show preferences, is a cardinal manage of stir deportment in world politics. This is the exchange insight of boastful international relations theory.It corporation be expressed colloquially in several(a) ways What librates more or slight is what states want, not how they get it. or- Ends argon more important than agent. Liberal theory is characteristic in the temper of the variables it privileges. The all-inclusive focus on fun in socially-determined state preferences distinguishes big(a) theory from early(a)wise theoretical traditions realism (focusing on variation in controlling indicant re sources), institutionalism (focusing on education), and or so non-rational approaches (focusing on patterns of beliefs about appropriate means-ends relationships).In explaining patterns of fight, for illustration, liberals do not look to inter-state imbalances of military unit, bargaining failure receivable to private information or un accreditedty, or picky non-rational beliefs or propensities of individual leaders, societies, or organizations. Liberals look preferably to conflicting state preferences derived from hostile nationalist or political ideologies, take exceptions over appropriable economic resources, or exploitation of un pretended political constituencies.For liberals, a necessary condition for war is that social pressures lead unmatched or more aggressor states to possess revisionist preferences so natural or risk-acceptant that other states argon unwilling to submit. triple detail variants of liberal theory ar be by particular types of preferences, thei r variation, and their impact on state behavior. Ideational liberal theories link state behavior to varied designings of desirable forms of cultural, political, socioeconomic order. Commercial liberal theories stress economic mutualness, including many variants of endogenous policy theory.Republi stand liberal theories stress the component part of domestic good example institutions, elites and leadership dynamics, and executive-legislative relations. Such theories were first conceived by prescient liberals such as Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, thaumaturgy Stuart Mill, John Hobson, Woodrow Wilson, and John Maynard Keynes-writing well before the complicated causes ( autarkic variables) they stress (e. g. democratization, industrialization, nationalism, and welf be provision) were widespread. This essay introduces the liberal approach in three steps. It presents 2 distinctive assurances central and distinguishing liberal theories.Then it further explicates the three variants of li beral theory that follow from these assumptions. Finally, it reviews well-nigh distinctive strengths that liberal theories tend to sh be vis-a-vis other types of international relations theory. Two Unique Assumptions central Liberal Theory What basic assumptions underlie the liberal approach? Two assumptions liberal theory receive argon the assumptions of anarchy and rationalness. Specifically, states (or other political actors) exist in an anarchic environment and they generally act in a broadly rational way in making decisions. 2The anarchy assumption means that political actors exist in the distinctive environment of international politics, without a world government or any other authority with a monopoly on the let use of force. They must engage in self-help. The rationality assumption means that state leaders and their domestic supporters engage in foreign policy for the instrumental purpose of securing benefits provided by (or avoiding cost imposed by) actors removed of their borders, and in making such calculations, states traink to deploy the most cost-effective means to carry out any(prenominal) their ends (preferences) may be.Liberal theory shargons the first (anarchy) assumption with almost all international relations theories, and it shares the bite (rationality) assumption with realism and institutionalism, but not non- rationalist abut theories. Liberal theories are distinguished from other rationalist theories, such as realism and institutionalism, by two unique assumptions about world politics (1) States represent social groups, whose views be state preferences and (2) Interdependence among state preferences influences state policy. Let us escort all(prenominal) in turn.Assumption One States Represent societal Preferences The first assumption divided up by liberal theories is that states represent some subset of domestic society, whose views constitute state preferences. For liberals, the state is a representative institution ce aselessly subject to capture and recapture, construction and reconstruction, by domestic social coalitions. These social coalitions define state preferences in world politics at any microscope stage in time the tastes, ends, basic interests, or fundamental social purposes that underlie foreign policy. politicianitical institutions constitute a critical transmission belt by which these interests of individuals and groups in civil society enter the political realm. All individuals and groups do not wield personify influence over state policy. To the contrary, their power varies widely, depending on the context. Variation in the accurate nature of representative institutions and practices helps define which groups influence the national interest. Some states may represent, ideal-typically, the preferences of a single tyrannical individual, a Pol Pot or Josef Stalin others afford opportunities for broad elective participation.Most lie in between. The precise preferences of social gr oups, weighted by their domestic power, shape the underlying goals (state preferences) that states pursue in world politics. Sometimes, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other actors may form transnational alliances to assist social forces. State-society relationsthe relationship between a state and its domestic (and transnational) society in which it is embeddedlies at the center of liberal theory. 3Liberals believe that state preferences cannot be reduced to some simple metric or preference ordering, such as seeking security department or wealth. Most modern states are not Spartan They compromise security or sovereignty in order to achieve other ends, or, indeed, just to save money. Nor do modern states uniformly seek wealth. Instead they come sooner strike complex and varied swap-offs among economic, social and political goals. Nor, in conclusion do they seek power in the mother wit of domination Many countries would clearly rather dribble money on butter rather th an guns. To see how consequential the variation in goals can be, one contend look no further than the implications for international relations of Germanys evolution from Adolf Hitlers preference for militant nationalism, fascist rule, autarky, and ruthless exploitation of German Lebensraum under Das Dritte Reich to the social compromise underlying the postwar Bundesrepublik Deutschland, which favored capitalist democracy, expanding German exports, and sedate reunification.Similarly one can look at the striking change in policy between Maoist and post-Maoist China, Soviet and post-Soviet Russia, Imperial and post-Imperial Japan, and so on. Assumption Two Interdependence among State Preferences Influences State Behavior The second core assumption shared by liberal theories is that the interdependence among of state preferences influences state behavior. Rather than treating preferences as a fixed constant, as do realists or institutionalists, liberals seek to explain variation in pr eferences and its significance for world politics.The precise scattering and nature of the stakes explains disaccordences in state policy and behavior. States, liberals argue, orient their behavior to the precise nature of these underlying preferences compatible or conflictual, aggravated or weak, and their precise scope. States require a social purpose a perceived underlying stake in the matter at hand in order to profits any attention to international affairs, let merely to provoke conflict, inaugurate cooperation, or take any other significant foreign policy action.If there is no such interdependence among state objectives, a rational state will conduct no international relations, satisfying itself with an isolated and autarkic existence. Conflictual goals plus the incentive for of political disputes. Convergence of underlying preferences creates the preconditions for peaceful coexistence or cooperation. The critical theoretical link between state preferences, on the one hand, and state behavior, on the other, is the concept of policy interdependence.Policy interdependence refers to the dispersion and interaction of preferencesthat is, the extent to which the pursuit of state preferences ineluctably imposes costs and benefits (known as policy externalities) upon other states, independent of the transaction costs imposed by the specific strategic means chosen to obtain them. Depending on the underlying pattern of interdependence, each(prenominal) of the qualitative categories above, the form, substance, and understanding of conflict and cooperation vary according to the precise nature and intensity of preferences.The existence of some measure of diverging fundamental beliefs, scarcity of material goods, and inequalities in domestic political power among states and social actors renders inevitable some measure of pluralism and competition among and indoors states. Unlike realists such as Waltz and Morgenthau, liberals do not get in these diverg ent interests are uniformly zero-sum. At the equivalent time, liberals reject the utopian notion (often attributed to them by realists) of an reflexive harmony of interest among individuals and groups in international society.Nor do liberals argue, as realists like Morgenthau charge, believe that each state pursues an ideal goal, oblivious of what other states do. Liberals argue alternatively that each state seeks to realize distinct preferences or interests under constraints imposed by the different interests of other states. 4 This distribution of preferences varies considerably. For liberals, this variationnot realisms distribution of capabilities or institutionalisms distribution of informationis of decisive causal importance in explaining state behavior.A few examples illustrate how liberal theories differ from realist, institutionalist or non-rational ones. We have already encountered the example of war in the introduction, in which liberals stress states with aggressive pre ferences, rather than imbalances of power, incomplete information, or non-rational beliefs and processes. Another illustration is deal out policy. Economists widely agree that dislodge take is captain eudaimonia-improving policy choice for states, yet trade protective covering is often practiced. To explain protectionism, liberals look to domestic social preferences.An important factor in almost all countries is the competitive position of affected economic sectors in global markets, which generates domestic and transnational distributional effects Protectionism is generally backed by producers who are globally uncompetitive free trade by producers who are globally competitive. Moreover, even if the state is a interlocking beneficiary from free trade, domestic adjustment costs may be too high to assume politically, or may endanger other countervailing domestic social objectives, such as domestic social equality or environmental quality.Certain domestic political institutions , such as non-parliamentary legislative systems, which governed US trade policy before 1934, grant disproportionate power to protectionist interests. This differs from realist explanations of trade protectionism, which tend to stress the role of hegemonic power in structuring trade liberalization, or the need to defend self-sufficient national security within the prevailing zero-sum geopolitical competition, perhaps by maintaining self-sufficiency or by aiding allies at the disbursement of purely economic objectives.Institutionalists skill cite the absence seizure of appropriate international institutions, or other means to manage the complex informational tasks and collective action problemsnegotiation, dispute resolution, enforcementrequired to manage free trade. Those who focus on non-rational theories ( mental, cultural, organizational, epistemic, perceptual or bureaucratic) might stress an ideological disposition to accept mercantilist theory, shared historical analogies, a nd the psychological predisposition to avoid losses.To further illustrate the importance of patterns of policy interdependence, consider the following three hazard zero-sum, harmonious and mixed preferences. In the representative of zero-sum preferences, attempts by superior social groups in one state to realize their preferences through international action may necessarily impose costs on dominant social groups in other countries. This is a case of zero-sum preferences, similar to the realist world. Governments face a bargaining juicy with few mutual gains and a high potential for interstate tension and conflict.Many ancient cities and states, including those of antediluvian patriarch Athens, often imposed imperial tribute on defeated neighbors or, in extremis, killed the male population, cast women and children into slavery, and repopulated the townsfolk with their own citizensa built in bed approximating zero-sum conflict. Today, it might noneffervescent be argued that t here are certain casestrade in agricultural goods by industrial democracies, for examplewhere entrenched national interests are so starchy that no government seriously considers embracing free trade.In the case of harmonious preferences, where the externalities of unilateral olicies are optimal (or insignificant) for others, there are strong incentives for quietude coexistence with low conflict and (at most) simple forms of interstate coordination. For example, advance industrial democracies today no longer behold waging war on one another, and in some areas governments have agreed to mutual recognition of certain legal standards without controversy. One case of mixed preferences is bargaining, where states can achieve common gains (or avoid common losses, as with a war) if they agree to coordinate their behavior, but may disagree strongly on the distribution of benefits or adjustment costs.Under such circumstances, one of the most important determinants of bargaining power is t he intensity of the preferences of each party the more intense their preference for a beneficial settlement, the more likely they are to organise concessions (or employ arrogant means) in order to achieve it. Another situation of mixed motives is a situation where interstate coordination can avoid significant risks and costs, as in agreement to avoid naval incidents at sea, or to share information on infectious diseases. In such situations, institutional pre-commitments and the provision of greater information can often improve the welfare of all parties.Liberals derive several distinctive conceptions of power, very different from that of realism. One form of international influence, for liberals, stems from the interdependence among preferences that Keohane and Nye (Power and Interdependence) call asymmetrical interdependence. All other things equal, the more interdependent a state is, the more intense its preference for a given exit, the more power others potentially have ove r it while the less a state wants something, the less a state cares about outcomes, the less intense its preferences, the less power others have over it.Situations of asymmetrical interdependence, where one state has more intense preference for an agreement than another, create bargaining power. In trade negotiations, for example, smaller and poorer countries are often more dependent on trade and thus benefit more from free trade, and thus tend to have a weaker position and make more concessions in the course of negotiations. Enlargement of the European Union is a recent instance. Relative preference intensity can also influence the outcome of war, but in a different way.Nations are in fact rarely prepared to owe their entire economy or military in conflict, so their power depends not on their coercive power resources, but on their resolve or will. This is why smaller states often prevail over larger ones. Vietnam, for example, did not prevail over the US in the Vietnam War because it possessed more coercive power resources, but because it had a more intense preference at stake. From Assumptions to TheoriesTaken by themselves, these liberal assumptionsthe international system is anarchic, states are rational, social pressures define state preferences, interdependence among preferences dictates state behaviorare thin. They exclude most existing realist, institutionalist, and non-rational theories, but they do not, taken by themselves, define very hardly the positive content of liberal theory. Some might rightly complain that simply pointing to state preferences opens up an unmanageably wide function of hypothetical social influences on policy.Yet, in practice, research has shown that, in practice, the range of viable liberal theories that test out empirically are relatively few, focused, and sinewy. Three broad variants or categories of liberal theory exist ideational, commercial, and republican liberalism. At the core of each lies a distinct conception of the social pressures and representative institutions that define state preferences, and the consequences for state behavior. Some of these have proven, empirically, to be among the most powerful theories in international relations. Let us consider each in turn.